Mathematics and Biological / Chemical / Physical Science

AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellowship Program: If you have a PhD or an equivalent degree in one of the social, physical or biological sciences, or are an engineer with a master's degree and at least three years of post-degree professional experience, you are eligible to apply for a one-year AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellowship. The prestigious fellowship programs are designed to provide each qualified individual with a unique public-policy learning experience and to bring technical backgrounds and external perspectives to decision-making in the U.S. government. AAAS is proud to sponsor these programs to facilitate science/government interaction.
http://www.fellowships.aaas.org/

AAAS Mass Media Science and Engineering Fellows Program: AAAS Fellows use their academic training in the sciences as they research, write, and report today's headlines, sharpening their abilities to communicate complex scientific issues to non-specialists. Applicants must be enrolled as college or university students (in their junior or senior years, or in any graduate or post-graduate level) in the natural, physical, health, engineering, or social sciences in order to apply.
http://www.aaas.org/programs/education/MassMedia/

American Academy of Arts & Sciences: Fellowships are open to U.S. residents and permanent citizens whose Ph.D. or equivalent professional training has been completed with the past 10 years. Fellowships will be awarded to individuals who can demonstrate that their work promise will lead to substantial contribution to one of the major areas of the Academy's major program areas: Science, Technology, and Global Security; Social Policy & Education; and Humanities and Culture.
http://www.amacad.org/

Fulbright Scholarships: Give recent B.S./B.A. graduates, master?s and doctoral candidates, and young professionals and artists opportunities for personal development and international experience. Most grantees plan their own programs. Projects may include university coursework, independent library or field research, classes in a music conservatory or art school, special projects in the social or life sciences, or a combination. Teaching and business opportunities also available.
http://www.iie.org/Template.cfm?section=Fulbright1
us/default.htm - types

Howard Hughes Medical Institute Predoctoral Fellowship in Biological Sciences: Awarded for up to 5 years of full-time study toward a Ph.D. or an Sc.D. in specified biological disciplines. Predoctoral fellowships are intended for students at or near the beginning of their graduate study. College seniors, college graduates with no or limited postbaccalaureate graduate study in the biological sciences, and first-year graduate students may apply.
http://www.hhmi.org/grants/

Michigan Society of Fellows: Each year the Society selects four outstanding applicants for appointment to three-year fellowships in the arts and humanities, in the social, physical and life sciences, and in the professional schools.
http://www.rackham.umich.edu/Faculty/society.html

National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Research Fellowships: Offers postdoctoral funding opportunities for mathematics and sciences.
https://www.fastlane.nsf.gov/jsp/homepage/postdoc_fel.jsp

NSF Graduate Teaching Fellows in K-12 Education: Supports fellowships and associated training that will enable graduate students and advanced undergraduates in the sciences, mathematics, engineering, and technology to serve as resources in K-12 schools. Proposals may be submitted only by academic institutions that grant master's or doctoral degrees in the sciences, mathematics, engineering, or technology.
http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=5472

Sigma Delta Epsilon Graduate Women in Science Research Fellowships and Travel Award: Vessa Notchev Fellowships

Sloan, Alfred P. Foundation: Fellowships for faculty in chemistry, computer science, economics, mathematics, neuroscience, and physics; postdoctoral fellowships for career transitions into computational molecular biology from physics, mathematics, computer science, chemistry, and related fields; Sloan Industry Center Fellowships, Education and Careers in Science and Technology; Ph.D.’s for underrepresented minorities fellowships also available.
http://www.sloan.org/main.shtml

Social Science Research Council: Sponsors fellowship and grant programs on a wide range of topics, and across many different career stages. Most support goes to predissertation, dissertation, and postdoctoral fellowships, offered through annual competitions. Some programs support summer institutes and advanced research grants. Although most programs target the social sciences, many are also open to applicants from the humanities, the natural sciences, and relevant professional and practitioner communities.
http://www.ssrc.org/fellowships/?Predissertation

United Negro College Fund Special Programs Corporation: Annual fellowship program to increase the number of women, minorities, and people with disabilities participating in math, science, engineering, and technology disciplines of interest to NASA. Fields of study include: Aeronautics/aerospace, astronomy, bioengineering, biology, chemistry, computer science, earth sciences, engineering, environmental sciences, life sciences, materials sciences, mathematics, meteorology, physical sciences, physics, and science education.
http://www.uncfsp.org/

U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) and Argonne National laboratory: Nonproliferation Graduate Program: Annual internship program to support students interested in exploring a career in the field of nuclear nonproliferation with DOE or other U.S. government agencies. Current placements are in Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, and Washington, D.C. Fields of study include: Peace studies, science and technology studies, engineering, political science, public policy, physical sciences, social sciences, international affairs, economics, international business, and other relevant fields.
http://www.dep.anl.gov/p_shared/gusnef/gusnef.htm